Ascorbyl Tetra Palmitate – Tetra Vitamin C (6) (INCI: Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate)

A very stable form of vitamin C that does not irritate the skin and can therefore be used even by people with sensitive skin who otherwise cannot tolerate vitamin C products. It prevents lipid oxidation, relieves irritation caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation, stimulates collagen production, blocks melanogenesis and evens out skin tone. It works by stimulating collagen production and preventing collagen degradation – which is indicated in anti-wrinkle therapy when the skin loses firmness and elasticity, and improves the quality of the epidermis and protects it from oxidation. It produces a brightening effect on the skin – perfect for dull and tired skin.

Ascorbyl palmitate – Vitamin C (2) (INCI: Ascorbyl palmitate)

A more stable, lipophilic derivative of ascorbic acid used as an anti-wrinkle and anti-bleaching agent in cosmetic formulations, it acts as a powerful antioxidant and anti-aging agent. Properties attributed to ascorbyl palmitate: it is a powerful antioxidant that can fight free radicals, it is more stable than the water-soluble form of vitamin C (ascorbic acid), it is an ester formed from ascorbic acid and palmitic acid, and it helps to protect skin cells and the extracellular matrix. It also stimulates collagen synthesis and can reduce the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, stimulate cell regeneration, reduce redness and hyperpigmentation, and improve the elasticity and overall appearance of the skin. Its lipophilic character increases skin penetration and prolongs the effectiveness and stability of the antioxidant system in the formulation.

Astaxanthin (6) (INCI: Astaxanthin)

Astaxanthin is an extremely potent, fat-soluble antioxidant that is much more effective (per molecule) than vitamin E, the best-known natural fat-soluble antioxidant. Astaxanthin increases the skin’s moisture and retains moisture and elasticity. Skin becomes smoother, and fine lines and wrinkles are reduced. Astaxanthin also has natural UV-blocking properties that help protect the skin from sun-related damage such as dark spots on the skin. Astaxanthin can neutralize several free radicals at the same time and protect the skin and body from oxidation, damage, and inflammation. Astaxanthin has been shown to increase blood flow, which means it helps the skin to improve blood circulation. Increased blood flow has several benefits such as increased cell turnover, increased elasticity and water retention.

Beta glucan(1) (INCI: Beta glucan)

It is a biologically active polysaccharide derived from the cell walls of the baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The resulting short-chain gaps (1-3) are very active in healing skin lesions and reduce redness, increase skin hydration and elasticity, and activate collagen synthesis. In addition, beta-glucan has an immunostimulatory effect, activating and supporting the skin’s natural defense mechanisms by stimulating macrophage activity and increasing cytokine production. The raw material is extremely valuable as a natural, active ingredient, ideal for skin, hair and body care. It easily penetrates the skin barrier and stimulates collagen production – it has a rejuvenating and anti-aging effect by activating fibroblasts, which stimulate collagen production and immune cell activation. It has strong moisturizing properties – it retains moisture in the skin for a long time and creates a protective film on the skin. It is also known for its soothing properties, accelerating the healing of superficial abrasions and burns. Beta-glucan regenerates the skin by activating macrophages, which activate immune cells, resulting in faster regeneration and repair of damaged tissues. It also has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. It also protects against ultraviolet radiation and reduces the risk of skin damage by protecting Langerhans cells. Valuable antioxidant. Beta-glucan is an ingredient that has been used in dermatology and cosmetology for many years and has a proven, very safe profile – recommended for use on all skin types.

Bisabolol (1, 3) (INCI: Bisabolol)

A highly versatile ingredient, its main properties are: it is a powerful antioxidant, it soothes and protects the skin from environmental stress, it is also a powerful skin penetration enhancer, it improves skin texture, it supports faster skin healing and it can reduce the signs of skin aging.

Centella Asiatica (3) (INCI: Centella asiatica flower extract)

Centella Asiatica, or Asian pennywort, is a plant that grows in areas around the Indian Ocean, where it has traditionally been used to treat small wounds and abrasions, scratches, light burns in cases of eczema, minor itching or insect bites. The active substances contained in Centella extract are pentacyclic triterpenes, which have regulatory and activating functions and affect collagen in many organs, including that in the skin.

Skin contains mainly collagen types I and II. Ageing depletes collagen sources, especially type I, which is the same collagen that is replenished during the healing process. Studies have shown that the main active substances of pennywort – aziatic acid, madecassosides and asiaticosides increase the synthesis of collagen I. In conjunction with the simultaneous stimulation of its production, Centella asiatica, when used regularly, significantly improves the elasticity, firmness and tensile strength of the skin – tightening it and smoothing wrinkles. Since Centella normalises the excessive growth of keranosites, it has properties that work extremely well against acne. Centella Asiatica is anti-wrinkle, stimulating and increasing collagen production, anti-inflammatory and healing, and is an ideal ingredient for sensitive skin. It is also very suitable for oily, acne-prone skin, as it removes toxins from the cells and normalises the excessive growth of keranocytes, thus improving the skin’s structure, elasticity and resilience.

Ceramides (1, 2) (INCI: Ceramide NP (Ceramide 3))

Ceramide is widely known as a functional ingredient in cosmetics. It not only strengthens the natural lipid barrier of dry and aging skin but also shows a remarkable ability to maintain the skin’s moisture balance. The main properties of ceramides are to strengthen the natural lipid barrier of dry and aging skin, to improve long-term hydration, and to protect the skin from external influences. Ceramides are particularly suitable as a long-lasting protection for the renewal of sensitive and dry skin.

City guard (5) (INCI: Sea water, water, hydrolysed algin, phenethyl alcohol, sucrose)

A marine complex that has an anti-aging effect and improves the tired appearance of the skin. It is used for sagging eye contour, as it improves skin firmness, smoothes lines, and reduces the appearance of “bags” under the eyes and a tired appearance. Sagging skin often becomes quite noticeable sometime after the age of 40, but it is also greatly exacerbated by environmental factors such as pollution. City-Guard is an anti-aging algae concentrate that protects the skin from the harmful effects of the environment.

Acmella extract (2, 3, 5) (INCI: Acmella oleracea flower extract)

Effective for firming and smoothing wrinkles. Targets cell communication by reorganizing and reinforcing the dermal architecture. It has a natural lifting and smoothing effect, visibly reducing deep wrinkles and firming the skin. It is a concentrated oil extract from the upper part of the Spilanthes acmella plant and helps to eliminate wrinkles and reduce the most obvious signs of aging, reorganizes collagen fibers and visibly smooths the skin, stimulates cellular dynamics, and helps to restructure the structure of the dermis.

Bakuchi extract (6) (INCI: Bakuchiol 100%)

Bakuchiol is considered the first natural and more acceptable alternative to retinol; it has unique benefits for all skin types. It helps to reduce many signs of ageing, visibly reduces skin damage caused by environmental exposure and has a pronounced soothing effect on the skin. Its properties are as follows: it mimics the properties of retinol, but without its negative properties such as photosensitivity and burning on the skin; it is also a powerful antioxidant, so it reduces the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles and improves skin elasticity and firmness. It stimulates collagen production, reduces skin pigmentation and improves skin tone and radiance. It eliminates skin roughness and redness, helps protect the skin against UV damage and has a pronounced soothing effect on the skin.

Schizandra extract (2, 4) (INCI: Schizandra Sphenanthera fruit extract)

Traditional beauty remedy for Asian women. A precious extract with anti-irritant, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, suitable for sensitive skin in anti-aging formulations. It contains a high content of soothing substances. It acts as an antioxidant, inhibits oxidative cell damage, and slows down the signs of skin aging. Soothes stressed, sensitive and hyperactive skin and reduces inflammation and irritation.

Dragon’s Blood Extract (2) (INCI: Croton lechleri resin extract)

An innovative potent active ingredient with antioxidant action contributes to tissue repair and regeneration with several beneficial skin care properties.
These properties are: anti-inflammatory, anti-ageing, combating the effects of ageing and providing a strong antioxidant and anti-free radical action (high polyphenol content).
It increases the elasticity of the skin and improves the barrier function of the skin and protects the skin due to its high content of proanthocyanidins.
In addition, it stimulates collagen production and fibroblast migration. It also stimulates the early phase of wound healing and helps to protect cells and contributes to tissue repair and regeneration, thus rejuvenating the skin.

Phytosterols (3) (INCI: Plantsterols)

Phytosterols are a family of plant molecules that are valued in the cosmetics industry for their ability to stimulate collagen production. Due to their antioxidant activity and their ability to reduce enzymes that degrade collagen, phytosterols are an effective aid to skin regeneration, reduce inflammation and itching and, last but not least, help to moisturize dry skin while preventing it from drying out. They also boast anti-inflammatory properties, which are useful both in the treatment of dermatitis and in UV protection. Phytosterols are a common ingredient in wound care products as they improve and speed up healing, improve the appearance of scars, and have analgesic properties. The antimicrobial activity of phytosterols is welcomed in all skin care products for skin affected by e.g. acne and other sebum-related skin problems.

Gamma oryzanol (3) (INCI: Oryzanol)

Products containing gamma oryzanol help prevent excessive darkening of the skin due to UV rays and premature aging of the skin, as well as the formation of roughness and wrinkles. Gamma-oryzanol is a tiny, white powder – a cosmetic ingredient made from rice bran. It has pronounced antioxidant properties. It is often used in products designed to relieve problems caused by dry skin or too rapid a breakdown of collagen. It is attributed to its even greater effectiveness than vitamin C. The benefits of gamma-oryzanol are as follows: protection against damage caused by excessive sun exposure, it is an excellent antioxidant, improves skin elasticity and stimulates the formation of collagen, regulates the secretion of sebum and also has a moisturizing function in the product.

Coenzyme Q10 (1) (INCI: Ubiquinone)

Coenzyme Q10 is a very powerful antioxidant and protects skin cells from the damaging effects of free radicals. It fights skin aging, making it one of the most popular ingredients in anti-aging products. Coenzyme Q10 is a naturally occurring molecule in all cells of our body, found in the mitochondria. In the skin, it also has an important function as an antioxidant, protecting the epidermis and dermis from oxidative stress caused by UV radiation and environmental influences. Research has shown that the amount of coenzyme Q10 in the skin and elsewhere in the body decreases over the years. This is why coenzyme Q10 is a popular ingredient in anti-aging products. Coenzyme penetrates into the deep layers of the epidermis and also into the dermis. In cosmetic products, it helps to reduce oxidative stress in the skin, to slow down chronological aging and photoaging, and to reduce the depth of wrinkles.

MSM – methylsulfonylmethane (5) (INCI: Methylsulfonylmethane)

MSM is also known as the beauty mineral. MSM is a natural form of organic sulfur, which is important in our bodies for building elastin, cartilage, and collagen. It is a white, odorless crystalline powder that improves the condition of skin and hair. In cosmetics, it is used for oily and problematic skin as it helps to cleanse, regulate sebum secretion, and improve imperfections. It is also used for sensitive and atopic skin and aging skin (anti-age care).

Nicotinamide (3) (INCI: Niacinamide)

A multifunctional active ingredient with multiple benefits for the skin, improving skin barrier function, improving skin texture and tone, and reducing environmental damage to the skin.

Niacinamide or nicotinamide is a water-soluble vitamin, an amide of vitamin B3 (niacin). This white powder is highly desirable in cosmetics and is suitable for all skin types. It is most commonly used in products for acne-prone and pimple-prone skin, enlarged pores and anti-ageing skin care, as it improves the texture of the skin. It also works well in products to reduce skin hyperpigmentation such as skin blemishes and age spots. It also helps to improve skin hydration and in can also help with skin conditions such as rosacea, psoriasis and seborrhoea. The positive properties of nicotinamide are well-researched and include: an active ingredient that regenerates the skin and improves skin barrier function, reduces the appearance of lines and wrinkles, reduces discoloration and promotes a more even skin tone.

Peptides (4) (INCI: Azelaoyl Bis-Dipeptide-10 )

Azelaoyl bis-dipeptide-10 is an innovative peptide with an intensive anti-aging action. It has a dual action, acting as a shield against free radicals and the glycation process, the two main causes of the skin aging process. It is produced by the condensation of azelaic acid and two moles of the alanine-histidine dipeptide. The lipophilic carrier stimulates the antioxidant action of the tetra-peptide, inhibits glycation of skin proteins, promotes cell renewal, and protects the skin against the main causes of both endogenous and environmental skin aging (pollution, UV exposure).
Due to its molecular structure, it prevents glycation, prevents the binding of sugars to proteins and consequently inhibits lipid peroxidation, which is responsible for skin aging. At the same time, it protects the skin against oxidants. The main properties of peptides: they protect the skin against internal and external oxidative stress, act synergistically against glycation and free radicals, maintain skin health and prevent aging. They make the skin plumper, more elastic, and toned.

Resveratrol (5) (INCI: Resveratrol)

Resveratrol improves skin function and appearance in a variety of ways, and studies have shown it to be one of the best antioxidants in anti-aging skin care. The unique multi-action approach of this powerful antioxidant helps neutralize cell-damaging free radicals that lead to tissue damage and stimulates the production of the skin’s natural antioxidants. It is found in more than 70 types of plants including: strawberries, peanuts, grapes and red wine. In plants, it protects the plant from stresses on its surface, such as ultraviolet radiation and fungal infections. Resveratrol has long been used in Eastern medicine, where it is valued for its various antioxidant and therapeutic properties.

Skin aging is a complex process caused by a combination of the natural aging process and environmental stresses that the skin suffers daily, known as extrinsic aging. Increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or oxidation, which disrupts cell function, damages cell membranes and interferes with collagen production. The loss of collagen is very detrimental to skin function and is considered to be the primary cause of wrinkles. Antioxidants prevent this process by neutralizing the harmful oxidants.
During menopause, women experience a significant decline in collagen levels due to hormonal changes, particularly the decrease in estrogen. Research suggests that women can lose up to 30% of their skin collagen within the first five years after menopause. After this initial period, the collagen loss continues at a rate of about 1-2% per year.
Collagen is essential for maintaining skin elasticity and structure, so this loss often leads to visible signs of aging such as wrinkles, sagging, and thinning skin.
One way to reduce collagen loss is to increase estrogen levels. Resveratrol also has phytoestrogenic properties, meaning that it is a source of plant estrogen, and is therefore all the more interesting because its use can ease collagen loss without the risks associated with other hormone therapies, thereby improving the visible signs of ageing.

The antioxidant action of resveratrol is its most powerful weapon against aging. As a polyphenolic antioxidant, resveratrol has a dual antioxidant role. In addition to neutralizing free radicals and thus reducing permanent damage, it also increases the production of other natural antioxidants in skin cells. This means that resveratrol not only helps to repair accumulated damage but also prevents future skin damage.

Vitamin A (5) (INCI: Retinyl palmitate)

Retinoids are a group of compounds that includes vitamin A or retinol, its natural metabolites and (semi)synthetic derivatives. Natural retinoids include retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and retinol esters. The use of retinol on the skin increases the thickness of the epidermis and the production of collagen and glycosaminoglycans, which maintain water in the skin. It is used to reduce facial wrinkles, improve skin elasticity and maintain a youthful appearance, so retinol products are suitable for the care of dry and mature skin. Vitamin A is therefore an active ingredient in cosmetic formulations that stimulates cell growth, prevents the aging process of the skin and improves the appearance of the skin.

Vitamin F (1, 2, 5) (INCI: Linoleic Acid, Linolenic Acid)

Vitamin F nourishes and protects our skin. It is used to treat dry, dehydrated and sensitive skin, supporting the skin in restoring and maintaining its natural structure and functionality.

Vitamin F is not a true vitamin, but an essential fatty acid – an essential component of the cell membrane. Vitamin F is very important for skin stability due to its moisturizing and regenerating properties. Vitamin F is actually a skin protector: it prevents the appearance of dermatosis, acne, eczema, tingling, and dry and rough skin.

VITAMIN A (5) AND OTHER RETINOIDS (INCI: Retinol)

Retinoids are a group of compounds comprising vitamin A and vitamin C, respectively.
Retinol, its natural metabolites and (semi-)synthetic derivatives.
Natural retinoids include retinol, retinal, retinoic acid and retinol esters.
Retinoids are classified by activity as follows: retinoic acid > retinal > retinol > retinal esters; and by tolerance, vice versa.
Retinoic acid is the most active, but also the most irritating to the skin, causing redness and peeling of the stratum corneum.

Applying retinol to the skin increases the thickness of the epidermis and the production of collagen and glycosaminoglycans, which maintain water in the skin. Used to reduce facial wrinkles, improve skin elasticity and maintain a youthful appearance, retinol products are suitable for dry and mature skin. Retinol is very unstable as it is sensitive to oxygen and UV light. For this reason, retinol esters, which are much more stable, are usually used in cosmetic products.

VITAMIN B3 (3) (NICOTINAMIDE) (INCI: Niacinamide)

Vitamin B3 is the collective term for both nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, which are converted into each other in the body and are equally effective as vitamins. The beneficial effects of nicotinamide are particularly pronounced in the treatment of acne-prone skin, where clinical studies have shown efficacy very comparable to that of the antibiotic clindamycin. The action of nicotinamide on mature skin has also been well studied. It increases the synthesis of ceramides, cholesterol and free fatty acids in the stratum corneum and reduces transepidermal water loss. Nicotinamide improves the surface texture of mature skin, reduces fine lines and pigment spots and increases skin elasticity.

VITAMIN B5 (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8) (PANTENOL) (INCI: Panthenol)

Panthenol is used in cosmetics instead of pantothenic acid for better stability. When applied to the skin, it acts as a humectant, attracting water from the deeper layers of the epidermis and dermis to the stratum corneum due to its hygroscopicity. It keeps the skin soft and elastic. Panthenol is anti-inflammatory, and stimulates fibroblast proliferation and epithelialization of the damaged epidermis, which accelerates wound healing and regenerates damaged skin. It is also common in cosmetic products for sun protection and after-sun care, as it regenerates sunburnt skin.

VITAMIN C (2, 6) (ASCORBIC ACID) (INCI: Ascorbic Acid)

Vitamin C forms colorless crystals that are easily soluble in water. In tissues, it is involved in the synthesis of collagen, proteoglycans and other organic components. Exposure of the skin to UV rays causes the formation of oxygen radicals, also called reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased amounts of these substances cause stress to the skin, more specifically oxidative stress. This has harmful consequences, as radicals can cause chemical changes in DNA, membranes and proteins, collagen degradation and the formation of inflammatory factors. The skin defends itself against the effects of oxidative stress by using antioxidants to neutralize oxygen and other radicals, thereby preventing the oxidation of its basic building blocks. Vitamin C works in synergy with lipophilic vitamin E. When vitamin E loses its antioxidant capacity, it is restored in the presence of ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid applied to the skin stimulates the synthesis of collagen, which is the main component of connective tissue, and ceramides, which are an important component of the lipid barrier.

Ascorbic acid does not absorb light in the UV spectrum, but it does offer partial protection to the skin by reducing the damaging effects of oxidative stress. It oxidizes in air, so products use more stable forms of it, such as Ascorbyl palmitate. It is soluble in the lipid phase and penetrates deeper into the stratum corneum, where it is degraded by lipases to the physiologically active oxorbic acid. Ascorbic acid and its derivatives in conc. 2% also has an antioxidant effect on the skin and protects against UV radiation damage. Higher concentrations (up to 5%) have beneficial effects on acne-prone skin and also have a lightening effect by inhibiting melanin synthesis.

VITAMIN E (1, 2, 3, 6, 8) (Tocopherol) (INCI: Tocopherol)

Vitamin E comprises a family of 8 natural forms, including 4 tocopheols and 4 tocotrienols. Vitamin E is produced by biosynthesis in plants and is particularly abundant in vegetable oils. Some oils contain more of it, others less. Pomegranate oil contains the most vitamin E, and sea buckthorn seed oil also contains a significant amount of vitamin E. However, vegetable butters and oils do not contain enough vitamin E on their own, so it is commonly added to cosmetic products.

Vitamin E is the main lipophilic antioxidant in the skin and is found in all skin layers. Vitamin E reduces skin damage caused by UV radiation, smooths the skin surface, increases the hydration of the stratum corneum, inhibits inflammation, stimulates cell function and promotes wound healing.

Astaxanthin (6) (INCI: Astaxanthin)

Astaxanthin protects the skin from oxidative damage caused by chemicals and UV rays, prevents inflammation, slows aging and strengthens the skin’s defense mechanisms. Astaxanthin’s antioxidant properties have been shown to exceed those of vitamins A, C and E in numerous studies.

Ascorbyl Tetra Palmitate – Tetra Vitamin C (6) (INCI: Ascorbyl Tetraisopalmitate)

Tetra C is a revolutionary form of vitamin C that is soluble in oil. It is the most expensive form of vitamin C, but it boasts excellent stability (vitamin C in the form of ascorbic acid is very unstable and oxidizes rapidly, thus losing its activity), low skin irritation (ascorbic acid is very irritating on sensitive skin in general) and effective penetration into the skin. What makes Tetra C so attractive is its clinically proven efficacy in the following areas: acceleration of collagen synthesis, skin revitalization, anti-pigmentation action, antioxidant activity in the skin, and protection against UV damage to the skin.

Rosemary extract (1, 2, 5) (INCI: Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract)

It is a potent and concentrated antioxidant added to products containing vegetable oils. It has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties as well as rejuvenating effects. It has a stronger antioxidant action than vitamin E and a mild rosemary aroma. Co2 extracts are much more similar to the plant itself (in composition and smell) than essential oils because they are extracted at low temperatures, which means that even molecules that are sensitive to high temperatures are preserved.

Resveratrol (5) (INCI: Resveratrol)

Resveratrol is an antioxidant that protects the skin from UV damage. It is an effective additive to cosmetic sunscreen products and a very known anti-aging agent. It contributes to better cell renewal and improves cell metabolism. It protects plants against bacterial and mold infections and has a similar effect on our skin.

Vitamin A palmitate (5) (INCI: Retinyl palmitate)

Vitamin A palmitate is a powerful antioxidant that helps to strengthen the skin’s elasticity and improve its texture. It is most commonly found in products designed to moisturize, rejuvenate, and regenerate the skin. This unique active cosmetic ingredient is almost indispensable in quality cosmetic products, as it stimulates the skin’s enzymes, thickens the epidermis, helps to renew and regenerate cells, and stimulates collagen production. After regular use, the skin will be smoother and rejuvenated, and fine lines and wrinkles will be less noticeable.

Vitamin C (2,6) (INCI: Ascorbic Acid)

Vitamin C is the most significant antioxidant, playing a pivotal role in collagen synthesis. Vitamin C is based on ascorbic acid, which functions as a scavenger of free radicals, effectively neutralizing them. Vitamin C is incorporated into cosmetic products in two distinct capacities: as an active ingredient and as an agent that protects against oxidation. As an active ingredient, vitamin C plays an invaluable role in collagen synthesis, neutralizing free radicals, which are the primary cause of skin cell damage and wrinkle formation. Once absorbed into the dermis, vitamin C inhibits the formation of wrinkles and improves the overall texture of the skin.

Vitamin E (1, 2, 3, 6, 8) (NCI: Tocopherol)

Vitamin E is an antioxidant that protects the product from oxidation – rancidity. Natural vitamin E is a blend of alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-tocopherols and sunflower oil. The thick liquid mixture contains at least 70% tocopherols. The use of antioxidants is highly recommended in all cosmetic products, especially those containing perishable oils or essential oils that oxidize quickly (citrus, coniferous). Although vitamin E is not a preservative and therefore does not protect the product against microbial spoilage, it does prolong the life of natural fats.

Vitamin E acetate (6) (INCI: Tocopheryl Acetate)

Vitamin E acetate is a stable form of vitamin E, one of the most widely used in cosmetics for its benefits to the skin. It is a powerful antioxidant and an indispensable addition to all cosmetic products for skin and hair. It is an oxidation regulator that protects unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation, i.e. prevents the rancidity of fats, and is therefore a welcome ingredient in almost all cosmetic products. The most important function of vitamin E is to protect the body’s cells against free radicals, or oxidative damage. The most important function of radicals is to protect the body from their harmful effects. Its key role is to protect cells from oxidative stress damage (resulting in premature aging, uncontrolled diabetes, some cancers, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease).

Acerola extract (5) (INCI: Malpighia punicifolia fruit powder)

Acerola is a very rich source of vitamin C, containing carotenoids, bioflavonoids, and minerals. It is valued in cosmetics for its benefits to the skin as an antioxidant, stimulating collagen production and helping to fight the signs of aging.

Acmella extract (2, 3, 5) (INCI: Acmella oleracea flower extract)

Effective for firming and smoothing wrinkles. Targets cell communication to reorganize and strengthen dermal architecture. It has a natural lifting and smoothing effect, visibly reducing deep wrinkles and firming the skin.

Bakuchi extract (6) INCI: Bakuchiol

Bakuchiol improves the skin’s defense against oxidative and inflammatory stress, stimulates collagen synthesis, and activates anti-aging genes. A natural and safe alternative to retinol (vitamin A).

Centella asiatica flower extract (3) (INCI: Centella asiatica flower extract)

Centella Asiatica, also called Gotu kola, has been used for centuries in Ayurvedic, Traditional African Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine as an all-around effective medicinal herb. Gotu kola extract is highly beneficial for the care of mature, dry, irritated, and wrinkled skin. One of its welcome properties is the stimulation of collagen synthesis and it has a powerful regenerative effect on tissue. In recent years, Gotu Kola has been increasingly used as an ingredient in products targeted at oily skin, as it helps to regulate sebum secretion.

Ginseng Extract (4, 8) (INCI: Panax Ginseng Extract)

Ginseng contains, among other things, triterpene saponins (called ginsenosides), glycosides, vitamins (B1, B2, C), the proteoglycan pannexin, and amino acids. Ginsenosides have powerful anti-wrinkle and anti-aging properties. They increase the ability of hemoglobin to bind oxygen, which oxygenates and nourishes skin cells. Products containing ginseng are recommended for all skin types, with a particular focus on people exposed to long-term negative environmental factors such as stress, UV rays, or pollution.

Pomegranate extract (1) (INCI: Punica granatum seed extract)

High in polyphenols, sterols and punicic acid, it is valued for its exceptional ability to nourish, revitalise and protect the skin. It makes the skin elastic and firmer.

Hops extract (8) (INCI: Humulus Lupulus Extract)

Hops extracts have a strong antimicrobial action based on the effects of humulone and lupulone, so they can be used as natural preservatives in cosmetic products and for the care of impure, acne-prone skin. They have also demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity. Hop extracts, dominated by prenylated chalcones, express a mild estrogenic action and are therefore suitable for the care of mature and withered skin, as they stimulate collagen synthesis, and increase skin firmness and skin hydration, thus reducing the visible signs of aging.

Carrot extract (6) (INCI: Daucus Carota Root Extract)

Carrot extract is rich in vitamins A, B, C, D and E. It has a rejuvenating effect on the skin and is thought to promote wound healing, and soothe irritated skin and the effects of psoriasis and eczema.

Cucumber extract (7) (INCI: Sativus Fruit Extract)

Cucumber extract is used in cosmetic products for dry, mature, sensitive skin, puffy eyes and legs. It has anti-inflammatory, moisturizing, cooling, decongestant and refreshing effects. Cucumber extract is the perfect moisture for the skin.

Flax seed extract (5) (INCI: Linum usitatissimum Seed Extract)

Flaxseed extract is an excellent ingredient for the care of mature, sagging and diminished skin. It is known for its firming properties, as it strengthens the skin and at the same time intensively moisturizes it. It is thought to stimulate the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (including hyaluronic acid) in the skin – compounds that form the extracellular matrix and give the skin volume and elasticity. It also helps to fight sagging skin and gives skin tone. It also improves hydration, making it an ideal ingredient for the care of dry, dehydrated and dehydrated skin.

Manjishta extract (8) (INCI: rubia cordifolia root powder)

Traditionally, Manjishta extract is used in Ayurveda as it contains a wide variety of antioxidants such as alizarin, anthraquinone and rubidium. It helps to maintain healthy skin and a bright complexion. It improves the texture and tone of the skin, helping to eliminate pimples, spots, and blackheads. Reduces skin problems by acting as an anti-inflammatory while soothing itching.

Papaya extract (4) (INCI: Carica Papaya Fruit Extract)

Papaya extract from papaya fruit contains amino acids, vitamins, minerals and enzymes. The enzymes papain and vitamin C are mainly responsible for the invigorating and smoothing effect of papaya extract. Papaya extract is used for its wound healing and regenerative properties for stressed skin care (e.g. sunburn, scars).

Sea buckthorn fruit extract (6) (INCI: Hippophae rhamnoides seed extract)

Valued for its richness in bioactive substances and for its exceptional ability to nourish, soothe and protect the skin. The major part of the fatty structure of sea buckthorn oil is made up of palmitic and palmitoleic acids. It contains a huge amount of vitamin E (especially α-tocopherols) and is extremely rich in carotenoids. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties. It regenerates skin tissue, repairs the effects of UV rays and is extremely nourishing for mature and inflamed skin.

Mallow extract (7) (INCI: Malva sylvestris flower extract)

Rich in polysaccharides and tannins, it provides moisturizing and soothing care with anti-inflammatory, astringent and moisturizing properties.

Schizandra extract (2, 6) (INCI: Schizandra Sphenanthera fruit extract)

Traditional beauty remedy for Asian women. A precious ingredient with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Inhibits oxidative cell damage, slows signs of aging, soothes sensitive and hyperactive skin and reduces inflammation.

Rosehip Seed Extract (3, 6) (INCI: Rosa Canina Seed Extract)

The rosehip seed extract is valued for its ability to support the deeper layers of the skin. It is suitable for mature and problematic skin, as it helps in tissue regeneration, which is beneficial for damaged skin. It contains antioxidants that help to increase cell turnover and repair skin damage. It also helps to restore the skin’s natural tone and color, making it look youthful and radiant. It is also said to be effective for facial scars, acne, wrinkles, and signs of premature skin aging, as well as UV damage.

Grapevine extract (3) (INCI: Vitis vinifera Leaf Extract)

It provides astringent, antioxidant and tonic effects useful for the treatment of skin with redness and microcirculation disorders. Promotes a radiant complexion and healthy skin. Contains resveratrol, tannins, and anthocyanins, which activate the skin’s microvascular system. Acts anti-inflammatory (anti-irritant, soothes redness), astringent, tonic, and venotonic. As a powerful antioxidant, it scavenges free radicals and thus acts against skin aging.

Green Tea Extract (7) (INCI: Camellia sinensis leaf extract)

Rich in antioxidant polyphenols and tannins. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Effective in combating skin dryness, regenerating and soothing sensitive skin. Revitalises tired skin, improves complexion, tones, may improve the appearance of acne. It has excellent free radical scavenging properties and protects against photochemical damage to the skin.

Dragon’s Blood Extract (2) (INCI: Croton lechleri resin extract)
Innovative potent active ingredient with antioxidant action contributes to the repair and regeneration of tissues with several beneficial skin care properties (anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, increases skin elasticity,

improves barrier function…).

Allantoin (1, 2, 3, 8) (INCI: Allantoin)

Allantoin is an ingredient in cosmetic products because it has a moisturizing and keratolytic effect (it increases the hydration of the extracellular matrix and accelerates the sloughing off of the top layer of dead cells). This makes the skin softer and also accelerates cell division and wound healing. It forms complex compounds with certain irritants and provides an anti-irritant and protective effect. It is also effective against pimples.

Aloe Vera (1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8) (INCI: Aloe barbadensis leaf powder)

Aloe vera protects the skin (and wounds) from external stimuli, inhibits bacterial growth and cools the skin. Aloe vera contains a significant amount of mucilage, followed by salicylic acid, which is analgesic, anti-inflammatory and keratolytic (softens the epidermis of the skin), vitamins A, E, C and D, some free sugars, free amino acids, proteins, fats and plant sterols, and is also rich in calcium, sodium and potassium, as well as manganese, iron, selenium, zinc and magnesium. Aloe contains important enzymes that break down bradykinin. This tissue hormone causes inflammation, and tyrosine, which in the skin produces the skin pigment melanin, which causes brown spots on the skin of the face and hands in older people. It acts as a moisturizer on the skin, stimulates collagen and elastin synthesis and promotes healing. It soothes irritated and burnt skin and provides a cooling sensation. Reduces itching and inflammation.

Betaine (4, 5, 7, 8) (INCI: Betaine)

Betaine is a natural humectant that occurs in plants and animals as an osmolyte, which protects cells against environmental stresses and, in particular, against dehydration (control of cellular water balance). Betaine reduces the irritant action of surfactants and has a moisturizing and nourishing effect on the skin.

Phytokeratin (2) (INCI: Phytokeratin)

Keratin is a protein found in skin, hair, and nails. Phytokeratin is a plant keratin substitute obtained by hydrolysis from wheat proteins. It acts as an excellent moisturizer in skin care products.

Glycerol (1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8) (INCI: Glycerin)

It softens the skin and helps it absorb and retain moisture. Glycerin is thought to draw moisture from the skin cells and thus help and maintain the skin’s natural moisture balance.

Hyaluronic acid (4) (INCI: Sodium hyaluronate)

Hyaluronic acid is a natural moisturising agent present in both the epidermis and dermis. It is an excellent humectant, with the capacity to bind up to 1000 times more water than its own weight. The principal mechanism of action is dependent on the molecular weight of the compound. Due to its extremely small molecular weight, hyaluronic acid with an ultra-low molecular weight (3,000-8,000 Da) is capable of penetrating the deepest layers of the skin. It binds water and provides the skin with intense hydration. This is also the mechanism by which the sensation of wrinkle filling is achieved, which is why hyaluronic acid is used extensively in anti-age cosmetics. Hyaluronic acid with a high molecular weight (1.8-3.0 MDa) does not penetrate the skin layers; rather, it forms a non-occlusive film on the skin. It is a thin film of aqueous gel. The skin remains breathable and does not feel as though it has been coated with a film following application. In this manner, the substance maintains the skin’s moisture levels and provides a smooth sensation on the surface. It is most commonly associated with anti-ageing cosmetics.

Na-lactate (2, 3, 7) (INCI: Sodium lactate)

Sodium lactate is an excellent humectant that increases moisture in the skin by up to 80%, no matter which cosmetic product is used – one that washes off or one that stays on the skin. Its additional functions: it accelerates the action of vitamin C (and vitamin C derivatives), it makes the oils and butters in creams less greasy, and it has antibacterial properties.

Na-PCA ( 1, 4, 5, 7) (INCI: Sodium PCA)

Natural Moisturising Factor (NMF) with high absorption properties, well known as a skin penetration enhancer and as an excellent moisturiser. It brings moisture to hair and skin and reduces static electricity. It has a stronger hydrating power than glycerine, sorbitol and propandiol.

Panthenol (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8) (INCI: Panthenol)

Vitamin B5 or D-Panthenol brings moisture to the epidermis and deeper layers of the skin, hair, and nails, regenerating cells. Panthenol accelerates skin healing, is anti-inflammatory, and is an effective acne-fighting agent. It is these properties that make panthenol a common ingredient in products designed to regenerate the skin after excessive sunbathing, tattooing, or for skin that is more frequently exposed to adverse or damaging influences. D-panthenol penetrates deep into the skin, nails and hair, deeply moisturizing them, improving the elasticity of the skin, hair and nails, thus preventing breakage, while making nails and hair stronger and thicker, skin healthier and more radiant, anti-inflammatory, accelerating wound healing and stimulating the growth of new cells.

Pentavitin (1, 3) (INCI: Saccharide Isomerate (active))

Pentavitin is a highly effective humectant containing naturally-derived carbohydrates. The composition of Pentavitin is very similar to the fraction of natural carbohydrates in the human stratum corneum. It is a 100% naturally derived product. Pentavitin is ideal for dry skin, as it restores moisture and keeps the skin hydrated all day long.

Silk proteins (3, 7) (INCI: Aqua and silk amino acids)

Silk Amino Acids are high-quality purified natural silk, treated to preserve the original physical structure and chemical composition of silk. Due to the presence of high amounts of serine, they are considered to be an exceptional humectant. Serine forms a protective layer on the skin and is responsible for the smooth, silk-like texture.

Vegeluron (5) (INCI: Water/Aqua () Propanediol (plant based) () Tremella Fuciformis (Mushroom) Extract () Gluconolactone () Calcium gluconate)

Vegeluron is an excellent substitute for hyaluronic acid and silicones. It is a colourless gel with superior moisturising action. It leaves a light protective film on the skin and creates a silky feel. It effectively moisturises both skin and hair. It is of vegetable origin, based on polysaccharides (mushroom extract).

Damascena Rose (7) (INCI: Rosa damascena flower water)

Damask rose hydrosol has been particularly useful in the care of sensitive, dry and mature skin. It reduces redness and alleviates problems with broken capillaries. Antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties have been demonstrated in laboratory studies.

Chamomile (2) (INCI: Anthemis Nobilis flower water)

Obtained by steam distillation of chamomile flowers. Soothes and relaxes irritated and problematic skin. Also useful for facial cleansing or as a tonic, also for problematic skin such as rashes, eczema, rosacea, couperose, etc.

Linden (1) (INCI: Tilia vulgaris flower water)

Linden hydrosol is known for its anti-inflammatory, calming and relaxing properties. Flower waters – hydrosols/hydrolates – contain water-soluble aromatic compounds present in the distilled botanical source, which carry both their natural perfume and their beneficial properties into cosmetic formulations. When compared to an essential oil from the same plant, they can smell quite different and distinct.
They are gentle enough to be used directly on the skin – even children can use them.

Witch Hazel (4) (INCI: Hamamelis virginiana flower water)

It is a natural astringent, restores balance, tightens the pores to reduce permeability, relieves and prevents skin problems and sensitivity to external influences, and has mild antiseptic effects. It is used for the skin of the whole body as it is known for its beneficial properties. Hamamelis is a very suitable tonic for teenagers with problematic, oily, and impure skin. It removes the last traces of make-up, moisturizes and leaves the skin soft and fresh.

Neroli (5) (INCI: Citrus Aurantium Amara Flower Water)

When it comes to regular skin care or the care of sensitive and irritated skin, neroli hydrosol should be a top priority. It is excellent for mature and tired skin, but it is also a great choice for oily skin. Neroli hydrosol helps to calm the central nervous system without causing drowsiness.

Cornflower (3) (INCI: Centaurea cyanus flower water)

Known for its soothing and cooling properties, it tones and tightens the skin, relieves itchy, swollen or tired eyes, helps with bruising.

Rosemary (2) (INCI: Rosmarinus officinalis water)

It has an excellent astringent effect, which is reflected in the tightening of the pores on the skin, and it also has a stimulating and refreshing effect on the skin and scalp. It also eliminates minor skin discolorations (blemishes) and tones the skin, and is particularly suitable for oily to normal skin, as it helps with acne-prone skin. The essential oil of rosemary contained in the hydrosol helps to accelerate the blood flow on the surface of the skin. Rosemary hydrosol is a powerful antioxidant, that regenerates the skin and restores its elasticity.

Immortelle (1, 4) (INCI: Helichrysum italicum flower water)

Helichrysum italicum has extremely good regenerative properties, is excellent at fighting wrinkles and is, therefore, one of the best anti-aging ingredients. Because it shrinks veins and tissue, it eliminates varicose veins and broken capillaries, and is also effective in detoxification, which is why it is used in lymphatic drainage massages. It accelerates the healing of skin lesions and is also effective for skin allergies, psoriasis, rosacea, dermatitis and problematic acne-prone skin. It is also loved by mature, dry and tired skin, as it regenerates the skin and works against wrinkles, restoring the skin and keeping it toned and supple.

Lavender (3, 8) (INCI: Lavandula angustifolia flower water)

Hydrosol acts as an anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, antiviral, bactericidal, sedative and more. Lavender water is especially good for skin with blemishes, discoloration and acne. As a bactericide, it kills bacteria on the skin (including acne, of course, caused by bacteria), and as a toner, it penetrates deep into the pores without clogging them.

Argan oil (2) (INCI: Argania Spinosa Kernel Oil)

A popular ingredient in anti-aging products, it is also used for acne-prone, inflamed and allergy-prone skin. Also very suitable for dry skin. It even has known effects on melanogenesis (lightening effect). Suitable for all skin types, but particularly beneficial for dry and sensitive skin. Thanks to its high vitamin E content, it helps the skin to regenerate much more quickly. It protects the skin from harmful environmental influences and helps prevent premature aging, as it is a powerful antioxidant. It softens and moisturizes the skin, strengthens tired and wrinkled skin, and restores its youthful suppleness. It also nourishes problematic and oily skin, helping to reduce the production of sebum, and has a beneficial effect on eczema and psoriasis.

Açai oil (1) (INCI: Euterpe Oleracea Fruit Oil)

Suitable for mature skin care products. Somewhat similar to olive oil, but with much better antioxidant properties. About half is monounsaturated oleic acid, followed by saturated palmitic acid with about a quarter. In addition to these, it contains linoleic, palmitoleic, vaccenic, and stearic acids. Among the non-nutritive substances, there is a high proportion of phenolics, a notable content of phytosterols and a smaller proportion of tocopherols. Asaï oil is mainly used for mature skin, as it has a strong antioxidant effect. Due to its composition, it is particularly suitable for dry skin and anti-age skin care. It has an excellent emollient action.

Avocado oil (3) (INCI: Persea Gratissima Oil)

It is rich in vitamins A, B1, B2, D and E and is extremely beneficial for skin with eczema or psoriasis. Nourishing avocado oil is rich in nutrients, essential fatty acids, magnesium and vitamins. The bioactive components of avocado stimulate skin renewal, strengthen skin functions and protect the skin. Avocado oil is particularly suitable for dry and rough skin and, thanks to its beneficial effects, also for the care of acne-prone skin. The oil has emollient and moisturizing effects and is used for day/night care, as well as for the eye area, hair and scalp. It works well on mature skin of elderly people.

Babassu butter/oil (3) (INCI: Orbignya Oleifera Seed Oil)

Babassu oil/butter feels very dry on the skin and absorbs very quickly. The oil does not leave a greasy or sticky feeling or an unpleasant sheen. The specific fatty acid composition of babassu oil makes it suitable for multi-purpose protection and moisturization of the skin. It binds a considerable amount of moisture, which is then gradually released in the subcutaneous tissue. Babassu oil also helps to regenerate the skin and has a beneficial effect on the skin’s connective tissue. After use, the skin is soft, smooth, supple and nourished. A good choice for dry, cracked skin, and also a very popular choice for oily and impure skin. Suitable for use on itchy and allergy-prone skin. A very versatile oil.

Bakuchi oil (2) (INCI: Psoralea corylifolia)

Bakuchi oil is cold-pressed from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia, a plant long used in Chinese and Indian medicine. It is a high quality oil, perfect for problematic skin affected by acne, vitiligo, uneven colour, psoriasis, discolouration… It is also excellent for skin showing signs of ageing and fatigue. It regenerates and strengthens the skin, soothes inflammation. It contains bakuchiol – a plant retinoid, which is not photosensitive.

Baobab oil (2) (INCI: Adansonia Digitata Seed Oil)

A lesser-known oil, but very versatile. It protects the skin from water loss, giving it suppleness and smoothness. Very suitable for dry or mature skin. Due to its high palmitic acid content, it is used as a substitute for vegetable butters because it leaves a much lighter feeling on the skin. It is also anti-inflammatory and regenerates skin tissue.

Cupuacu Butter (1) (INCI: Theobroma Grandiflorum Seed Butter)

It is a vegetable butter that has become an increasingly popular choice for cosmetic manufacturers in recent years. Compared to cocoa butter or shea butter, it is more spreadable and less occlusive on the skin. Cupacu butter has no equivalent substitute, the best approximation being mango butter. It is found in products to replenish and soothe dry skin and in anti-aging products.

Jojoba oil (1, 3, 6) (INCI: Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) Seed Oil)

Jojoba oil is a liquid wax. It is a rich source of vitamins, including vitamin E and the B complex, as well as a variety of minerals. It is composed of long-chain fatty acids, fatty alcohols, tocopherols, free sterols and other non-saponifiable components. The tetradecanoic acid content of jojoba oil renders it particularly efficacious in the treatment of damaged or inflamed skin. The chemical composition of jojoba oil is analogous to that of the natural sebum secreted by the skin, facilitating rapid absorption and nourishing the deeper layers of the skin. It has been demonstrated to be effective in inhibiting the appearance of wrinkles, regulating moisture levels and maintaining skin elasticity. Jojoba oil is suitable for all skin types, particularly those that are sensitive or prone to acne. The oil is highly stable and can be preserved for an extended period, even up to several years, without undergoing structural changes.

Shea butter (1) (INCI: Butyrospermum Parkii Butterl)

This butter is considered one of the best choices for dry, irritated and allergy-prone skin. Due to its high content of soothing compounds, it is said to have a regenerative effect, helping to restore the damaged protective function of the lipid barrier. Its high content of fatty acids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with triglycerides, provitamin A, vitamin E and allantoin make it ideal for the care of dry and mature skin. It moisturizes the skin and restores its elasticity. It has a mild antibacterial effect and is even more effective than coconut oil in regenerating skin cells. It also soothes minor skin inflammations and even helps to heal scars.

Hemp oil (3) (INCI: Cannabis Sativa)

Uniquely rich in polyunsaturated essential fatty acids, it has regenerative properties, acts as an excellent skin moisturizer and fights skin aging, supports cell renewal, and helps balance oily skin. Organic and virgin hemp oil is composed of 80% essential fatty acids, more than any other plant. It has an ideal ratio of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids. Hemp oil is so similar to the lipids of our skin that it easily penetrates inside our cells, moisturizing the space between them and consequently bringing essential fatty acids into the body. In this way, the oil plays a preventive role in preventing skin aging and maintains a healthy moisture balance in and on the skin. Hemp oil has many benefits for acne, abrasions, psoriasis and eczema. It is also the only vegetable oil that contains vitamin D, which is essential for the absorption of calcium, which is very welcome, especially for vegans. Of course, hemp oil contains not only vitamin D but also vitamin E and many B-complex vitamins, which provide superior nutritional value for the skin, while slowing its aging and maintaining its youthful vitality.

Macadamia oil (1) (INCI: Macadamia Ternifolia Seed Oil)

Macadamia oil is said to be the olive oil of a new era. Packed with antioxidants, vitamins A, B and E, and the minerals calcium, magnesium and potassium, it’s perfect for protecting all skin types from everyday challenges. It is also anti-inflammatory for sensitive skin. It nourishes the skin, increases its elasticity and its fast absorption makes it ideal for oily skin. This oil is also recommended for dry, sensitive and cracked skin. Palmitoleic acid is a constituent of sebum, which has been shown to have antimicrobial activity.

Marula oil (2) (INCI: Sclerocarya Birrea Seed Oil)

It is one of the more long-lasting oils, but has no equivalent among other vegetable oils. It is most similar to olive oil, but olive oil has no L-linolenic acid and a significantly lower proportion of phytosterols and vitamin E. Traditionally, it has been used to treat dry and cracked skin. It was not until the beginning of the millennium that it began to be used in cosmetics. As an emollient, it has been shown to increase skin moisture by reducing transepidermal water loss. Interestingly, the results of a study also showed that the use of marula oil reduced redness of the skin.

Murumuru butter (2) (INCI: Attalea orbignya)

This dream butter is rich in vitamins A, C, omega-3, and 6, so it provides moisture deep into the skin, restoring elasticity and freshness, and is said to inhibit the aging process.
Butter also contains an extremely high percentage of lauric acid, an important component of breast milk.

Pomegranate Oil (1) (INCI: Punica Granatum (Pomegranate) Seed Oil)

It is composed mainly (about 80%) of punicic acid (omega-5), which is very rare and what makes pomegranate oil so special. There is also a little oleic, palmitic and stearic acid. It contains a huge amount of vitamin E (mainly ϒ-tocopherols) and a significant amount of phytosterols. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and photoprotective properties. It repairs damaged skin, repairs the effects of UV radiation and is extremely nourishing for mature, dry and allergy-prone skin. It is also excellent for the care of sunburnt skin or for a dry, dehydrated skin.

Raspberry seed oil (3) (INCI: Rubus Idaeus)

Red raspberry oil (Rubus Idaeus) is an oil extracted from the seeds of raspberries. It is soothing if the skin is irritated and calming if it is exposed to stressful situations, including exposure to the sun’s rays. It contains a high proportion of vitamins E and A and as such is a powerful antioxidant. Raspberry seed oil is also excellent at concealing pimples by constricting the blood vessels, thereby soothing inflammation and eliminating redness.

Sea buckthorn seed oil (6) (INCI: Hippophae Rhamnoides Seed Oil)

Sea buckthorn seed oil is most reminiscent of American cranberry oil but contains significantly less oleic acid and more L-linolenic acid. Sea buckthorn seed oil does not contain squalene and phenols, but it has significantly more vitamin E. Seed oil has no real substitute, it is special mainly because of the high content of vitamin E. It is recommended, especially for the care of mature skin, as it is supposed to stimulate the renewal of cells and the skin, which is often exposed to the sun’s rays. Sea buckthorn seed oil has accelerated wound healing in laboratory experiments and has been proven to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects. Therefore, it is especially recommended for the care of inflamed or allergy-prone skin.

Rice bran oil (8) (INCI: Oryza Sativa Germ Oil)

The oil is obtained by cold-pressing the rice bran, which is the husk of the rice that is normally removed during processing. The oil is rich in vitamins (especially E), and minerals and is a rich source of antioxidants. It is a very light oil and absorbs easily into the skin, stimulating skin cell renewal and leaving it fresh and healthy. It is very good for over-exposed, sensitive skin.

Squalane (1, 6) (INCI: Squalane)

Squalane is a derivative of squalene, which is a natural component of human sebum. Because of this, the skin recognizes it as “its own” and absorbs it quickly. It is therefore very light and non-greasy, repairing damaged and cracked skin, protecting it from UV damage, and restoring its natural elasticity and moisture. It is made stable by a hydrogenation process (squalene is highly hydro-oxidizing) and is extracted from olive oil. It is an emollient, so it softens the skin and improves its texture while repairing the damaged function of the lipid barrier and preventing skin dehydration.

Evening Primrose oil (5) (INCI: Oenothera Biennis Oil)

One of the most researched oils. There are quite a few clinical studies on the effectiveness in atopic dermatitis. Otherwise, this oil is the first choice for dry, allergy-prone or acne-prone skin.

Bergamot (5) (INCI: Citrus Bergamia)

Bergamot is a tree with sweet-smelling flowers and is the most delicate of all citrus essential oils.

Bergamot essential oil has a sweet, lemon-like scent with warm, floral undertones. Bergamot is generally considered to be cheering and invigorating. The pleasant scent of bergamot essential oil is a common ingredient in balms and personal care creams and is suitable for all skin types, especially oily and acne-prone skin.

Ylang-ylang (2) (INCI: Cananga Odorata Flower Oil)

This EO is considered one of the more exotic. In skin care products, it is said to normalize sebum secretion. It has been shown to have antioxidant activity in laboratory experiments.

Frankincense (1) (INCI: Boswellia Carterii Oil)

It is used to treat scars and wounds. It is still a good choice as an ingredient in products for dry and mature skin, as well as skin with scars, wrinkles and mild lesions. Its antimicrobial and anti-tumor activity has also been well studied and confirmed by researchers in “in vitro” experiments.

Chamomile (2) (INCI: Chamomilla Recutita Oil)

One of the best-known essential oils with anti-inflammatory activity. It is considered a good choice for the care of sensitive and irritated skin. It has been shown to have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. It is also claimed to have vasoconstrictor effects (tightening of the blood vessels), which is thought to reduce facial redness.

Mandarin (6) (INCI: Citrus reticulata)

The essential oil is extracted by squeezing the peel of the ripe fruit and has a delicate, sweet, citrus scent with deep, warm, almost floral undertones. It has been attributed antiseptic, antibacterial, antiviral, antispasmodic, astringent, antidepressant and tonic properties.

May Chang or Exotic Verbena(8) (INCI: Litsea cubeba)

May Chung essential oil, is extracted from the fruit of a small tropical (exotic) tree (Litsea cubeba). Extracts from the roots and stems of this tree have been used for centuries in Chinese traditional medicine to treat headaches, nausea and muscle aches. May Chung essential oil is soothing and regenerating. It is often found in cosmetic products for acne-prone, oily and problematic skin.

Neroli (3,5) (INCI: Citrus aurantium var. amara)

Neroli EO is one of the most expensive and precious essential oils. It has an extremely strong and warm, sweet and floral citrus scent. It helps to raise energy in stressful situations and to overcome fears. It boosts self-confidence and self-reliance, is antidepressant, regenerates both energy and our physical body, calms, brings harmony, improves sleep and stabilises. Its active ingredients and scent contribute to the health, renewal and elasticity of the skin. It prevents the formation of stretch marks, helps to eliminate acne (regulates the secretion of sebum), reduces scars and helps to heal broken capillaries.

Rosemary (8) (INCI: Rosmarinus officinalis)

Rosemary has been associated with love since ancient Greece, where its scent was believed to liberate the spirit, allowing love to permeate the body unhindered. The oil works effectively against the most common harmful external influences, which is why it is a common ingredient in wound healing and anti-inflammatory products. It promotes blood circulation, digestion and regeneration.

Sandalwood (3) (INCI: Santalum Album Oil)

The essential oil of sandalwood has recently been the subject of much research. Researchers are considering it as a promising treatment option for skin cancer and skin inflammations such as eczema and psoriasis. In addition to its anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory activity, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects have been observed in in vitro experiments. Significant results have also been observed in the treatment of severe acne.

Sweet Orange (6) (INCI: Citrus Aurantuim Dulcis Flower Oil)

The orange essential oil has a positive effect on well-being, calms the mind, helps relieve stress, and improves mood. It is also often found in preparations for the care of inflamed and oily skin and many cosmetic products. It is also used in the care of dry and irritated skin, as well as in the care of acne-prone skin. It is said to have regenerative properties and is therefore a popular ingredient in mature skin care products. It has been shown to have antioxidant, antifungal, and antibacterial properties in in vitro experiments.

Immortelle (1) (INCI: Helichrysum Italicum Flowe Water)

Immortelle essential oil is one of the most valued in the world. It can be used for: tissue and skin regeneration (one of the most powerful essential oils), for the care of mature skin, for eczema, acne, rashes, psoriasis, for scars and inflammations.